Elk
Scientific Name: Cervus elaphus
Classification: Nongame
Abundance: Small population in Haywood, Jackson and Swain counties
The Eastern Elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) once roamed throughout the eastern United States, including parts of North Carolina. After the arrival of European settlers, however, unregulated hunting and loss of habitat led to rapid population declines through the 1700s. By the year 1800, the Eastern Elk was extirpated from North Carolina and by the mid-1800s, Eastern Elk had almost disappeared throughout their range entirely. The last known wild Eastern Elk was killed in in Pennsylvania in 1877.
Today, North Carolina’s elk are actually the Manitoban subspecies of elk (Cervus elaphus manitobensis). In 2001 and 2002, the National Park Service reintroduced 52 elk into the Cataloochee area of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park as part of an experimental project to determine if elk could survive and reproduce in the area. Some of these elk wandered outside the park’s boundaries and established ranges there. During the initial phase of the reintroduction, the National Park Service, via verbal agreement with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, was responsible for managing elk on and off Park property. Beginning in 2008, when the reintroduction was officially deemed a success, responsibility for elk management outside of park boundaries was transferred to NCWRC.
Regulations
In 2016, the NCWRC passed 15A NCAC 10B .0225 that created a framework for an elk hunting season in the future. Along with this new rule, the NCWRC passed a resolution clarifying that a season would only be implemented when there are sufficient numbers of elk to support harvest.
In 2018, the General Assembly passed General Statue 113-270.3 (b), expanding the framework for an elk hunting season by creating a resident and nonresident elk license.
How to be Elk Smart
- Give Elk Space - Keep a distance—of at least 100 yards—between you and the elk. Never approach them. Elk are wild animals that are unpredictable and some-times aggressive, especially during the fall breeding season. Also, female elk will defend their young when they feel threatened.
- Never Feed Elk - By feeding elk you are associating humans, cars, and/or homes as a potential food source. Not only can this create a conflict and public safety issue, it can also promote the spread of infectious diseases.
- Don't Name Elk - Characterizing elk, or any wildlife, by naming them degrades their wild essence. The very reason people are drawn to elk is their unaltered independence from humans. Personifying elk as humans takes away from their truly wild nature.
- Do Your Part - The welfare of the elk herd is a shared responsibility. If you see someone being disruptive or careless, whether intentional or not, kindly ask them to stop or report it. We all have a duty to ensure the safety of people and the long-term welfare of elk.
Options for Resolving Conflicts with Elk
- Fencing - Electric fencing is the best option for a quick, cost- effective method to exclude elk. 8-ft metal woven wire fencing is the best option for a permanent long-term solution to exclude elk.
- Scare Devices - Pyrotechnics, propane cannons, screamers, etc. can be used to discourage elk from using an area.
- Repellents - Granular or chemical sprays can be used to make a plant or foliage less desirable to an animal.
- Nonlethal Projectiles - The safe application of an uncomfortable or even mildly painful projectile to encourage an elk to leave an area. A few examples would be rubber buckshot, paintball, Airsoft pellet, etc. Do not use birdshot,
which can result in a slow and painful death, blind-ness, or other serious complications. - Technical Assistance - A service provided by NCWRC staff to assess the situation and provide recommendations to resolve conflicts with elk.
Have an Elk Wildlife Problem?
Elk are very large herbivores and can sometimes cause issues in gardens or agriculture. If you are experiencing elk nuisance issues, the Elk Damage Prevention and Control Methods may be of use. NC Wildlife Helpline: 866-318-2401 or HWI@ncwildlife.gov.
Management
William H. Silver Game Land Map (PDF)
2013-2015 Elk Management Plan (PDF)
Population Estimate Project
The N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission is currently conducting research in conjunction with the University of Tennessee to estimate elk population abundance, survival, recruitment, and growth in North Carolina. This 5-year project will employ spatially explicit capture-mark-recapture (SECR) methods based on fecal DNA to estimate elk vital rates and will determine if current immigration, survival, and recruitment rates are sufficient to enable a sustainable hunt in North Carolina.
Habitat Management
The N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission has been conducting habitat management on state-owned game lands to benefit elk and a suite of other species that rely on early successional plant communities. Cooperation with partners has allowed not only the acquisition of William H. Silver Game Land but also has allowed the implementation of multiple habitat improvement projects. These projects include daylighting existing non-paved roads, creating linear wildlife openings, developing elk meadows, managing vegetation and conducting prescribed burns. These activities provide high-quality forage that meets the needs of lactating elk cows and recently born calves.
Related Info
Landowner Attitudes Towards Elk in Western North Carolina - 2022 Report (PDF)
Elk species profile (PDF)
Elk Habitat Suitability Index for North Carolina - Final Report September 2013 (PDF)
Evaluation of the Landowner View of Elk in Western North Carolina - Report May 2014(PDF)
Feasibility of Establishing a Huntable Elk Population in North Carolina - Final Report, 12/19/2014 (PDF)