Wildlife Conservation Land Program
Requirements for Participation
There are numerous requirements relating to both land ownership and land use listed in the Wildlife Conservation Land Program Legislation (G.S. 105-277.15), and landowners interested in the program should reference this statute for specific language. The most important requirements are outlined below.
A. Acreage
Wildlife conservation land must consist of at least 20 contiguous qualifying acres under the same deeded ownership and managed according to a written WHCA between the landowner and the NCWRC. The total acreage enrolled in the WCLP cannot exceed 1,000 acres per landowner per county. Up to 200 acres of an owner’s land in each county may be classified as wildlife conservation land under any combination of land use criteria 1 or 2 defined below. A maximum of 800 acres of an owner’s land in each county may be classified as wildlife conservation land under land use criterion 3 defined below.
Once the initial qualifying tract of 20 contiguous acres is enrolled, additional non-contiguous land may be enrolled as a “satellite area.” Satellite areas may be on the same or different tax parcel as the initial qualifying tract. However, all satellite areas must be deeded to the same owner(s) as the initial tract, be one or more acres in size, and meet all other WCLP ownership and land use requirements. If the satellite tract is enrolled under criterion 2, wildlife habitat protection, the additional acreage must be located in the same county as the initially qualifying 20-acre tract.
B. Land Use Criteria
The statute specifies that wildlife conservation land must be managed under a written WHCA with NCWRC. NCWRC staff biologists are available to assist landowners with completion of the agreement and NCWRC approval of the WHCA is required prior to submission to the county tax assessor’s office. Upon approval of the WHCA, the landowner must make application to the county to request their property be assessed as wildlife conservation lands. The County Tax Assessor will determine if the land qualifies for assessment at a reduced value. The agreement must be entered into prior to January 1 of the year for which the benefit is claimed or within 60 days following an ownership transfer. Qualifying land must be managed under a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) with the NC Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) that meets one or more of the following land use criteria:
Criterion 1 - Land used for the protection of a wildlife species listed in NCAC 10I.0100
The first criterion is met if one or more protected wildlife species lives on the land and the landowner agrees to manage the land to protect the species. Qualifying wildlife species are those designated by the NCWRC as endangered, threatened, or special concern.
The term or phrase “lives on the land” means that a qualifying wildlife species has been identified on the land at the time the WHCA is executed, and the deferment is applied for. Furthermore, and the term “protect” means that the species is not only protected from direct mortality and harassment, but also promoted through appropriate land management strategies. Observation of a species does not automatically qualify a property as wildlife conservation land. Demonstrable evidence must be presented that the species lives on the land, and habitat management strategies must be implemented that provide for the sustainability of the species on the enrolled property. For migratory species, the land must provide breeding, wintering, or foraging habitat.
Criterion 2 - Land used to conserve priority wildlife habitats identified in G.S. 105-277.15
The second criterion is met if the landowner conserves one or more priority wildlife habitats identified in the NC Wildlife Action Plan. The qualifying habitats are listed below and described in the Wildlife Conservation Land Program Priority Habitat Management Guideline documents. The term "conserve" means to manage for the sustained wildlife benefits of one or more of the below priority habitat types as specified in a written WHCA. The delineated priority habitat may include an area of influence, or buffer, surrounding a specific habitat feature if that land is essential to, and managed for, the conservation fo the qualifying habitat type. Conservatin does not preclude some human uses of the land; however, compatible uses must be addressed in the WHCA and cannot degrade the quality of the priority habitat.
Bat Caves
Caves are mainly found scattered across the Southern Blue Ridge physiographic province, although some do occur in other regions of the state. While there are several different types of caves, the most common types found in North Carolina are solution caves, fissure caves, rock shelter and boulder caves.
These types of caves differ primarily in the way they are formed. Solution caves are created by the action of water, dissolving the underlying rock to form tunnels. Fissure caves are formed by movement of the earth’s surface that results in cracks of the rock layers. Rock shelter and boulder caves are formed by erosive forces, weather events, earth surface movements and other factors, which essentially leave spaces underneath or behind surface rock. Most caves in North Carolina are rock shelter or boulder caves.
In addition to natural caves, extensive mining in North Carolina has resulted in numerous manmade subterranean excavations that also function as bat caves. The Wildlife Conservation Land Program
(WCLP) allows manmade subterranean excavations to be considered bat cave habitat when conditions inside the mine shafts and tunnels mimic natural caves and provide suitable structure for bat inhabitation.
Caves may be used by 11 species of bats in North Carolina for hibernation, birthing and raising of pups and roosting, while other caves may not be used by bats at all. To be considered bat cave habitat under WCLP, the cave must have documented use by aggregations of bats.
The volume of air, temperature and relative humidity are important factors influencing the use of caves by bats. Surface conditions sur- rounding cave entrances can have significant effects upon those conditions.
Land use in the immediate vicinity of cave entrances can affect air flow through the cave and foraging conditions for resident bats.
Changes to adjacent vegetation can impact the microclimate of the cave, rendering it unsuitable for bats habitation. For all these rea- sons qualifying bat cave habitat must include a buffer which encompasses the cave, all its entrances and suitable area necessary to sustain the temperature, air flow, humidity and foraging conditions needed to maintain the bat population.
Any cave or mine enrolled in the Wildlife Conservation Land Program, must have documented use by an aggregation of bats in order to be considered bat cave habitat.
Landowners with caves or mines on their property will need to have the sites surveyed by a private contractor who is qualified to ascertain whether or not bats are using their tract. Most cave bats spend the winter hibernating in caves or mines. Some species of cave bats reside in caves year-round, although different caves may be used during summer and winter. Other cave bats prefer to roost in trees or structures during summer. Summer “maternity” colonies of pregnant or nursing females will use caves or mines to raise their young.
The two major threats to bat cave habitat are recreational impacts and development. Activities associated with recreational caving and exploration can easily disrupt the normal behavior patterns of wildlife using the resource and may also result in negative changes to habitat conditions for the cave dwelling animals. Human entry into caves may introduce the fungus that causes White-Nose Syndrome. This dis- ease has caused significant mortality in bat populations across western North Carolina.
Human disturbance to hibernation and maternity colonies can be very harmful to bat populations. Bats aroused from hibernation expend critical energy needed to survive until spring. If aroused from hibernation often, they may ultimately starve to death or experience declined body condition which may impact reproductive success. Disturbance to summer maternity colonies can result in baby bats being dropped to their deaths or abandoned by panicked adults.
Once documented populations are confirmed on a tract, landowners must be willing to institute appropriate restrictions upon use of the sites to prevent both direct impacts (e.g., repeated disturbance during bat hibernation), as well as indirect impacts (e.g., habitat changes that make microhabitat conditions inside the cave or mine unsuitable). This can entail permanent closure of the cave or mine to ensure the habitat is protected. At least three caves and two mine complexes in North Carolina currently have bat friendly gates installed to prohibit or regulate human entry. These exclusion devices reduce habitat disturbance and the subsequent impacts upon cave conditions.
A buffer of sufficient width will also be needed to minimize negative impacts to the site and its wildlife. Barring special circumstances, the maximum buffer for any bat cave will be 600 feet. A wildlife biologist can assist with delineating the area to be protected.
Conservation easements are strongly encouraged to help protect these sites from long-term impacts such
as residential development.
Information concerning this and other priority habitat types can be found in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan (NCWAP).
Early Successional Habitat
For this program, early successional habitat can be defined as a plant community dominated by native herbaceous species. These plant communities require frequent disturbance to suppress tree growth and promote native plant diversity.
To qualify as early successional habitat in the Wildlife Conservation Land Program (WCLP) land must be managed with periodic disturbances such as disking, mowing, burning and/or herbicide treatments to maintain the desired condition. Common types of early successional habitat include abandoned fields, recent clearcuts, field borders, savannas, prairies and meadows. Site specific prescriptions will ensure appropriate management, but in most situations some form of disturbance will be required every 2 to 4 years.
Early successional habitat can be comprised of grasses, legumes, wildflowers, vines, shrubs and saplings. Small patches of vines, briars, shrubs and saplings contribute to habitat value, but woody vegetation should not cover more than 20% of the early successional acreage. To qualify for the WCLP, at least 50% of the ground cover must consist of native grasses and forbs (herbaceous, broadleaf flowering plants) that benefit wildlife. Non-native, turf forming grasses such as tall fescue, Bermudagrass, and orchardgrass provide little wildlife value and must be controlled in the WCLP enrolled acreage. Native grasses such as switchgrass, little bluestem, and broomstraw grow in clumps, providing greater habitat value. Qualifying savannas must be maintained at a basal area of 50 square feet per acre or lower.
While pastures, hayland, crop fields, lawns and golf courses are dominated by herbaceous plants, they do not offer the structural or native plant diversity needed to meet the intent of the WCLP.
The North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan identifies 49 Species of Greatest Conservation Need associated with early successional habitat. More commonly known species which utilize early successional habitats include Northern bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbits, whip-poor-wills, Eastern meadowlark, indigo bunting, blue grosbeak and many species of beneficial insects.
Mountain balds, Piedmont prairies, and coastal pine savannas are examples of early successional habitats that have become very rare in North Carolina. These habitats are a high priority for inclusion in the WCLP and landowners are strongly encouraged to permanently protect these sites through conservation easements.
The WCLP will consider other types of open land such as abandoned pastures, meadows and old fields as long as they are managed for a diversity of grasses and forbs native to the eco-region. Forest stands and recent clearcuts may qualify for the WCLP if the landowner is willing to manage these areas to maximize wildlife benefits rather than financial return from timber products. Stands with tree cover must be maintained at a basal area of 50 square feet per acre or less and the understory must be composed of at least 50% native grasses or forbs.
Without periodic disturbance open land will revert to forest. All acreage enrolled in the WCLP as early successional habitat will require active management. Management practices that mimic natural disturbance regimes are preferred. Most if not all qualifying early successional habitats across North Carolina will respond favorably to prescribed fire. Landowners are encouraged to integrate prescribed burning into their early succession management regime, on a two- or three-year rotation, if at all possible.
When and where burning is not a feasible option, woody vegetation can be controlled with selective herbicide applications. Herbicide treatments are more expensive and less selective than prescribed burning for woody plant control, but are often required to successfully manage non-native species and aggressive woody growth. Herbicide prescriptions should be developed by a licensed North Carolina Pesticide Applicator to address a clearly defined management objective. Herbicides and surfactants applied for habitat management should be of low toxicity to wildlife, be as selective for target species as practical and must be applied according to instructions on the product label.
Mechanical methods may suffice if no other means of disturbance are available to the landowner. Using an offset disk pulled by a farm tractor to disturb early successional areas every two or three years will control most woody vegetation and stimulate a variety of annual and perennial plants that benefit wild- life. It is important to note disturbance will likely promote undesirable plant species as well and additional actions will be needed to improve plant composition. Disking should be conducted in fall to early spring (November through early April) to avoid interfering with nesting and brooding activities. Leaving portions of the cover undisturbed will further diversify the habitat and maintain some overwintering cover. In some instances, controlled grazing by livestock can be used as an appropriate disturbance.
Mowing is the least preferred method for managing early succession. Mowing generally encourages perennial grass over forbs, promotes woody sprouts and will limit habitat diversity over time.
NOTE: Participants who do not follow the planned management activities outlined in their agreement will be subject to the repayment provision in the WCLP statute. For this reason, landowners are cautioned not to sign up for management practices that are incompatible with their capabilities or management philosophies. Wildlife Commission staff are available to discuss management options and help select the most useful and appropriate practices to benefit early succession wildlife habitat.
Information concerning this and other priority habitat types can be found in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan (NCWAP).
Longleaf Pine Forest
Seven distinct longleaf pine plant communities have been identified in North Carolina: xeric sandhill scrub, pine/scrub oak sandhill, mesic pine flatwoods, wet pine flatwoods, coastal fringe sandhill, pine savanna and piedmont longleaf forest. Longleaf pine communities once covered 91 million acres across the Southeast but now occupy less than 3 million acres of its original range. Most of the loss of this habitat type is due to development, conversion of forested sites to agriculture, fire suppression and regeneration to faster-growing species such as loblolly pine. Even where longleaf pine forests still exist, they are often in a degraded ecological condition that does not provide high-quality habitats for wildlife.
Plant species in longleaf forests vary by community type, but the understory of all naturally functioning longleaf stands are dominated by native grasses and forbs (broadleaf flowering plants). Ground cover in a longleaf ecosystem is more important than the percentage of longleaf pines in the overstory.
Longleaf forests are most often associated with the Sandhills or Coastal Plain regions of North Carolina. However, there are significant longleaf restoration efforts underway throughout its native range, which includes portions of the Eastern Piedmont.
The North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan identifies 35 priority wildlife species associated with longleaf forests. Better-known species include Northern bobwhite quail, brown-headed nuthatch, Eastern coach whip, fox squirrel and red-cockaded woodpecker.
Active management with prescribed burning, herbicide application, and/or mechanical treatment is necessary to maintain the plant communities required to qualify a longleaf stand as wildlife conservation land.
Raking pine straw in a longleaf stand degrades the ground cover and reduces the wildlife value of the stand. Raked stands should not be considered as functioning longleaf forests for the purposes of the Wildlife Conservation Land Program.
The following items should be considerations for longleaf pine stands enrolled in the WCLP:
Mixed pine stands are acceptable if longleaf exists as an overstory component and management is used to promote longleaf regeneration and maintain suitable ground cover.
Mixed pine/hardwood stands, with a longleaf component, are eligible if actions are taken to reduce hard- wood competition. Excessive shading caused by high hardwood density can be detrimental to groundcover. Maintaining some mast-producing hardwoods is acceptable and beneficial for longleaf associated wildlife species. The percentage of trees in the midstory and overstory can vary in a qualifying stand as long as sunlight reaches the forest floor and management is used to maintain suitable ground cover.
The current condition of a longleaf pine stand will dictate the management needed to promote a desirable understory. Where stands are devoid of ground cover, the natural understory should be allowed to recover, or native seed mixtures can be planted to enhance habitat. Stands that are degraded by heavy hardwood competition will require a combination of mechanical and chemical treatments to restore eco- logical function. Larger trees will be removed with a chainsaw or brushsaw (string trimmer with a blade).
Smaller trees can be controlled with selective herbicide treatments. Prescribed burning will be required to control woody species and encourage native grasses and forbs, which are critical to the function of the longleaf ecosystem.
The WCLP allows landowners to manage mature longleaf stands without a commercial production requirement. Longleaf pine is a long-lived species that can reach 200 years of age or more. Older trees of- ten develop heart-rot, which allows the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW) to excavate nesting cavities. These cavities can be utilized by other species of birds, mammals and insects. The Safe Harbor Program offers regulatory assurances for landowners who manage their property to benefit the RCW. Conservation easements are strongly encouraged to help protect this unique habitat type and the rare species dependent on this habitat.
Restoration of longleaf pine communities will also qualify for the WCLP. New stands can be established with 300 to 450 trees per acre but must be managed to protect plant diversity during site preparation.
Prescribed burning plays a critical role in the management of the longleaf ecosystem. Young longleaf pine stands should be burned while a majority of the trees are in the “grass stage,” usually within 12 to 24 months after planting. This early burn will reduce woody competition and disease while promoting desirable herbaceous vegetation. Once longleaf seedlings come out of the grass stage, burning should be delayed until most of the trees are at least 5 feet tall. This delay will improve sapling survival during the stage of initial height growth.
Timber harvest is acceptable when needed to enhance ground cover and perpetuate longleaf in the stand. Harvests may include removal of longleaf to reduce canopy density or removal of non-longleaf to allow natural or artificial regeneration of longleaf seedlings.
Information concerning this and other priority habitat types can be found in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan (NCWAP).
Rock Outcrops
Rock outcrop habitats are comprised of numerous distinct ecological community types described in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan (NCWAP). These community types include boulderfields, rocky summits, granitic domes, acidic cliffs, mafic cliffs, granitic flatrocks, and talus slopes. High-elevation rock outcrops occur only in the highest mountain ranges within the Southern Blue Ridge eco- region. Low-elevation rock outcrops are found in the Southern Blue Ridge, but also in some areas of the piedmont eco-region.
In general, rock outcrops are often characterized as open canopy communities with patchy vegetation due to variability in soil depth and moisture content; however, specific rock outcrop habitats can occur within a forested setting (e.g., boulderfields within northern hardwood forests or small rock outcrops within any forest habitat).
Lichens and mosses occur on bare rock and other vegetation may develop in deep moss mats or crevices (oatgrass species, sedges and mountain dandelion). Woody plants or trees such as mountain laurel, Catawba rhododendron, table mountain pine, red spruce, various oaks and yellow birch may occur in the deepest soil mats, rock crevices and at the edge of these habitats.
Water seepage through rock crevices may provide moisture for amphibians, mosses, lichens and wetland vegetation. Regardless of ecological classification, rock dominates the surface of the land.
Many wildlife species utilize rock outcrop habitat without regard to elevation (e.g., peregrine falcon), whereas others will utilize only high-elevation rock outcrop habitats (e.g., rock voles and rock shrews). However, many species of wildlife and plant species are associated with both high- and low-elevation rock outcrop communities. The elevation limits for each species are quite variable.
The conditions present at individual rock outcrops are unique, de- pending on geology, geography, elevation, moisture and landscape position. They may contain discreet communities, or they may be dispersed among a variety of other community types that are connected through local geology and landscape conditions.
As such, the extent of habitat that each rock outcrop provides is dependent upon the entire set of condi- tions in and surrounding the surface rock. Those conditions influence its use by plants and animals de- pendent upon the surface rock and may include significant amounts of the adjacent ecological community.
High-elevation rock outcrops are extremely rare, have a very restricted range, and are subject to extreme environmental conditions. Each site can have a somewhat unique set of problems particular to it, rang- ing from almost no impact to a high degree of impact. Common threats across the range of high-elevation rock outcrops include recreation, development, and forest succession.
The two major impacts often associated with low-elevation rock outcrops are development and recreation. However, low-elevation rock outcrops are typically more susceptible to damage during forestry har- vest operations and conversion of adjacent vegetation to monoculture forests than high elevation rock outcrops due to land ownership patterns, proximity to markets, accessibility, and other factors.
While this habitat type appears simple, many factors intermingle to shape this ecosystem. The complexity of this habitat type cannot be easily recreated. To conserve these unique areas, and the animal species which require them, it is vital to accurately identify them and work with private landowners to protect and buffer these natural features.
Under the WCLP, landowners with both high- and low-elevation rock outcrops must be willing to institute appropriate restrictions upon use of the areas to minimize the direct impact upon the habitat and associated wildlife. This entails closure of sensitive areas at certain times or permanently to stop direct (trampling, loss of habitat to recreation developments - trails, vistas, etc.) and indirect human impacts (disturbance).
Maintenance of biologically significant areas, including peregrine falcon nesting areas, reptile den sites and significant salamander occurrences may require active management of outcrops to reduce intrusion by alder, rhododendron and other woody species, which contributes to the disappearance of some vertebrates. Use of hand tools to manually cut down encroaching woody vegetation is the preferred method to sustain vegetation diversity. Very targeted herbicide applications can be used on persistent woody and non-native plant species. Herbicides, surfactants and treatment methodology used for habitat manage- ment should be of low toxicity to wildlife, be as selective for target species as practical and must be ap- plied according to the instructions on the product label.
A buffer of sufficient width will be needed to minimize negative impacts to the site and the wildlife that require this unique habitat type. Barring special circumstances, the maximum buffer for any rock outcropping will be 600 feet. A resource professional can assist with delineating the appropriate buffer.
Conservation easements are strongly encouraged to help permanently protect these sites.
Information concerning this and other priority habitat types can be found in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan (NCWAP).
Small Wetland Communities
Small wetland communities can include vernal pools, seeps, small depression ponds, ephemeral wetlands, beaver ponds, small depression pocosins, interdune ponds, clay-based Carolina bays, limesink depressions, bogs and associated wetlands.
All wetland communities are associated with hydric (saturated) soils, hydrophilic (moisture-loving) vegetation and the presence of water on the surface of the land for at least some portion of the year. However, each type of wetland is unique and may vary greatly in structure and vegetative composition as well as timing and extent of aquatic inundation. Many of these communities are found only in a specific geographical region of the state.
By definition, these wetlands are small in size, but may be extremely important in wildlife value and benefit. The wildlife that utilize these wetlands also rely heavily on the adjacent upland habitat as well. The evaluation of each small wetland community should therefore consider not only the area representing the wetland, but also the surrounding area of influence associated with the wetland.
Threats to the Resource
From the coast to the mountains, wildlife species that depend on small wetland communities can be negatively impacted by human activity in many ways.
Direct habitat loss is caused when wetlands are drained for agriculture or development. Indirect loss can occur from factors associated with land use changes within the area of influence.
Water quality problems can occur from stormwater runoff and pollution from point and non-point sources (lawn chemicals, oils from road surfaces, agricultural and forestry pesticides). Hydrological changes, including excessive drying or wetting of a site, can occur when timber is harvested too close to a wetland or ditches are cut through wetlands.
Each type of qualifying small wetland community may have its own set of problems that pose risks to the habitat and its wildlife. Landowners interested in enrolling in the WCLP will need to obtain a site evaluation from a qualified professional. Once an assessment has been completed, specific recommendations can be developed to protect and/or restore the wetland.
If deemed necessary, wetland restoration efforts should focus on restoring the natural hydrology, water quality and plant communities of degraded wetlands. Technical expertise and cost-share funding may be available from various agencies to assist with restoration efforts. Newly created wetlands will also be considered under the WCLP.
Active management may be required periodically to restore the open nature of some small wetland com- munities; for example, the use of fire in coastal wetlands or the use of a hand crew to manually cut down encroaching woody vegetation with chainsaws or brush blades in mountain bogs. Any use of approved herbicides and surfactants must be of low toxicity to aquatic wildlife.
Management of small wetland communities can be somewhat complex. In some instances, disturbance within or adjacent to the wetland reduces the value of the area for wildlife and negatively impacts the wetland system. In other situations, disturbance is needed to maintain the desired stage of vegetation. Management prescriptions must take the buffer around the wetland into consideration to ensure continued viability of the wetland community. Barring special situations, the maximum buffer surrounding a wetland will be 600 feet. WCLP participants must be willing to institute prescribed management within the buffer acreage. Information related to buffer conservation is available from the Wildlife Commission. Conservation easements are strongly encouraged to help permanently protect remaining wetlands.
Information concerning this and other priority habitat types can be found in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan (NCWAP).
Stream and Riparian Zones
Stream and Riparian Zone (SRZ) habitat is defined as a perennial or intermittent flowing body of water and the land adjacent to it. The riparian zone generally extends from the water’s edge at base flow, not including storm runoff, to the place where the stream does not influence the vegetation type or density. Generally, this somewhat obscure boundary is where the upland ecological community begins.
The SRZ encompasses the stream banks, floodplain and their plant communities, as well as plant material (natural debris such as grass, leaves, twigs, branches and trees) which will likely enter the stream.
Desirable riparian zones include stream banks that are not eroding and diverse native plant communities that are generally undisturbed.
SRZ habitat, as designated by the Wildlife Conservation Land Program (WCLP), refers to fluvial aquatic communities, floodplain forests and aquatic river basins in all three of the eco-regions in North Carolina. These vital habitats are identified as a priority in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan. SRZ habitat is critically important to a wide range of terrestrial, aquatic and semi-aquatic species.
Threats to the Resource
Land use adjacent to these aquatic systems contributes significantly to the quality and quantity of wildlife habitat within the watershed.
Clean water is critical to a host of species that utilize rivers and streams for some or all of their life cycle. In addition to direct habitat loss from land use conversion and development, water quality degradation and habitat deterioration can seriously impact the wild- life utilizing stream and riparian habitats.
Water quality can be negatively impacted by nutrients, chemicals or sediment. Direct input of contaminants may occur when runoff from poorly managed agriculture operations, commercial development, residential building sites and various non-point sources are allowed to enter waterways. The resulting water pollution can kill aquatic species and contaminate the food chain.
Increased sediment loads from land disturbance can damage the integrity of aquatic systems. In addition, fragmentation and loss of diverse habitat in forested riparian buffers pose a significant challenge to priority species such as neotropical migratory birds that nest in floodplain forests.
Perennial or intermittent streams qualify for enrollment in WCLP as SRZ. While United States Geological Survey topographic maps and LIDAR data may be used to identify qualifying waterways, ground truthing of location and stream condition is required. Ephemeral streams, springs and seeps will be considered on a case-by-case basis and may better qualify for WCLP as Small Wetland Communities.
Specific site conditions should be considered when developing management prescriptions for SRZ. Under the WCLP, riparian areas will be delineated by measuring horizontally from the top of the stream bank. The minimum buffer width shall be 15 feet on each side of the stream; and the maximum width may be up to 300 feet on each side of the stream or the width of the floodplain, whichever is greater. The riparian buffer for a given stream shall not extend beyond the watershed boundary as delineated by the topography surrounding the qualifying waterbody. In very limited situations, site conditions may justify a narrower minimum buffer width dependent on property boundary, road restrictions, and/or other permanent features. All Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreements should encourage participants to maximize wildlife benefits by enrolling SRZ buffers which are wider than 30 feet.
Stable riparian zones contain stream banks that are not eroding and have vegetation that has not been disturbed within the last three years. Stream bank vegetation must be retained to prevent sloughing and erosion. When adjacent to grazing lands, livestock must be excluded from the riparian zone with permanent fencing. Funding may be available from various agencies to assist with exclusion fencing.
Vegetated buffers can help mitigate or reduce impacts from pollution and sedimentation in North Carolina’s waterways. Ideally, riparian zones will contain a diverse native plant community composed of trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, sedges and other herbaceous plants, as well as coarse woody debris such as root wads and downed logs. Structural diversity within riparian buffers is especially important for neotropical birds and amphibians using these areas.
Non-native plants can dramatically reduce structural and compositional diversity of native plant com- munities. Control of exotic plants may be required to meet the intent of this classification. Areas where infestations of exotic plants cover more than 15% of the riparian area or where invasive control is not feasible may not qualify as SRZ. Herbicide application methodology and chemical formulations used for SRZ management must be of low toxicity to wildlife, be as selective for target species as practical and must be applied according to instructions on the product label.
Restoration activities may be warranted if the site is badly degraded. An assessment can be completed by a resource professional and recommendations developed to restore hydrology and/or native plant communities within the SRZ if deemed necessary.
Information concerning this and other priority habitat types can be found in the North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan (NCWAP).
Criterion 3 - Land dedicated as a Wildlife Reserve and managed as required in NCAC 10L.0101
The third criterion is met if the landowner manages their land as Wildlife Reserve Land, which is actively and regularly used as a reserve for hunting, fishing, shooting, wildlife observation, or wildlife activities; upon which wildlife management activities are conducted to ensure the propagation of a sustaining breeding, migrating, or wintering population of native wild animals. Land primarily maintained for other uses such as lawns, livestock pastures, golf courses, solar arrays or land primarily managed for financial gain through forest or agriculture commodity production will generally not qualify as Wildlife Reserve Land. The landowner must maintain three or more of the following seven management activities as agreed upon in the WHCA, see additional information by topic in the accordians below.
Supplemental Food - Provide and maintain annual or perennial noninvasive plantings that provide a direct or indirect source of food or nutrition for wildlife resources. Herbaceous “food plots”, native flowering plants, and mast (fruit and nut) producing trees and shrubs meet the intent of this activity.
Supplemental Water - Provide and maintain manmade water features or sources that are created or installed for the benefit of wildlife resources.
Supplemental Shelter - Provide and maintain natural or artificial structures that are created or installed to provide shelter from the weather, nesting sites, or escape cover from predators. Supplemental shelter may include the addition of natural or artificial structures into aquatic habitats.
Habitat Control - Conduct and maintain management of upland, wetland, riparian, or aquatic vegetation or physical aquatic habitat using practices to establish, restore, enhance, or maintain one or more of the natural community type(s) identified in the NC Wildlife Action Plan. Areas managed to maintain lawns, livestock pastures, golf courses, agricultural production, or solar panel arrays do not meet the intent of this activity and will not be included in the WHCA. Commercial harvests in forest stands may qualify as “habitat control” when conducted as specified in the WHCA to directly enhance wildlife habitat.
Erosion Control - Implement and maintain practices to prevent, reduce, or minimize soil erosion and sedimentation. Stabilization practices may be prescribed along streambanks, in stream channel or in upland areas to address existing erosion concerns. Practices implemented for erosion control shall not be implemented in a fashion to harm wildlife or promote non-native invasive plant species. The landowner is responsible for obtaining any permits which may be required to implement erosion control practices.
Predator Control - Conduct and maintain a comprehensive approach of reducing the abundance of a species or suite of species that preys on any life stage of wildlife species for which the land is managed. Predator control includes removal of non-native invasive animal species, such as feral swine, to manage or protect wildlife or wildlife habitats.
Census of Animal Population(s) - Participate in an organized project which compiles data from periodic surveys and inventories to determine the presence, number, composition, biological condition, or human use of wildlife resources. This activity requires both collecting and submitting appropriate data according to a qualifying project’s protocol.
Land Management Activities
Knowing which animal species inhabit a tract of land is critical for developing appropriate management prescriptions and evaluating the impacts of habitat management. It is also vital for understanding animal abundance and how they utilize different portions of the property. In addition to animals, there is a great deal of benefit in documenting details about the plant life that can be found in the area. While many private landowners keep records about the wildlife and plants they observe on their property, this information has limited benefit when stored in a desk drawer, three ring binder, file cabinet, or computer folder. To provide the most benefit, this data must find its way to researchers, scientists, and wildlife managers who use large datasets to evaluate what is happening with wildlife populations across the landscape. The Census of Populations activity is intended to be an avenue for the biological data collected on properties enrolled in the Wildlife Conservation Land Program (WCLP) to be included in these larger datasets and made available for use by researchers and biologists.
Private landowners collecting data on their personal properties is often called “Citizen Science.” Each citizen science project has a specific organization that is the primary point of contact. This organization houses the data that is collected and disseminates it for scientist to utilize. Each project has specific protocol or methodology to ensure that all data is collected in a uniform fashion. It is imperative that landowners know and understand the protocol requirements for any project they agree to include in their Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA). They should not select projects which are above their skill level or not compatible with time constraints or equipment limitations. Participation in the same project for a 5-year period is required as part of the WHCA. Some projects have specific time periods when data is collected. Failure to collect data during this time period each year can be difficult to make up and may impact compliance with the WCLP. If the selected citizen science project becomes inactive, it is the participants responsibility to contact the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) to update their WHCA.
EXAMPLES OF QUALIFYING CENSUS OF POPULATION PROJECTS INCLUDE:
NCWRC Deer Hunter Observation Survey: Volunteers will be mailed a survey form before each season to record their daily hunting information and wildlife observations.
NCWRC Deer Management Assistance Program: This program assists landowners and hunting clubs in reaching their deer management goals by collecting biological data and setting antlered and/or antlerless harvest goals for their property.
Bumble Bee Watch: A community science project that allows participants to submit photos of bumble bees for identification and documentation.
Native Buzz: The goal is to learn more about the nesting preferences, diversity, and distribution of our native solitary bees and wasps.
The Great Sunflower Project: Participants count the number and types of pollinators visiting plants (especially sunflowers) on their property.
The Great Backyard Bird Count: Contributors identify and count birds, then submit counts to help scientists better understand and protect birds around the world.
Christmas Bird Count: This count occurs December 14 through January 5 each year with sightings submitted to the National Audubon Society.
Nest Watch: Participants observe active bird nests and submit information to track status and trends in the reproductive biology of birds.
Frog Watch USA: Provides landowners an opportunity to learn about wetlands on their property by reporting the calls of local frogs and toads.
eBird: Volunteers submit checklists of birds they observe on their property which are compiled and freely shared for science, conservation, and education.
iNaturalist: Participants upload photos and geographic information to a web-based app that assists with identification and dissemination of data to researchers and resource managers.
Journey North: Landowners submit observations used to track monarch butterfly migration and the presence of milkweed on the landscape.
Other projects may be approved by NCWRC staff to qualify for the Census of Population Activity. These may include citizen science projects or more formal research conducted by natural resource professionals.
Citizen science projects and formal research can provide crucial information on habitat condition, species diversity, and population distribution. Data is used to evaluate the impact of management and shape future management activities. It is vital that the landowner understands the project protocols and is willing and able to follow the required methodology. Details on the minimum level of participation will be included in the WHCA and records of data submission must be reported in the effort log. Access to the landowner’s project account may be requested as part of the 5-year WHCA compliance review.
Sediment is the leading pollutant by volume in North Carolina’s waterways. These tiny particles of soil inundate not only naturally flowing waterbodies such as creeks and streams but can also negatively impact man-made ponds and impoundments. Sediment affects the quality of aquatic ecosystems by reducing dissolved oxygen content of water, covering rocky substrate needed for invertebrate reproduction, burying benthic species such as mollusk, altering aquatic plant growth due to reduced sunlight penetrating the water column, and directly filling in impoundments.
Most sedimentation in North Carolina is caused by water erosion. Water moves particles of soil along the surface, and depending on the concentration of flow can carve deep gullies. These gullies negatively impact water and habitat quality and can discourage the use and enjoyment of a tract of land by degrading paths, trails, roads, and fields. Carefully planning soil disturbing activities can prevent erosion, but once it has occurred correcting the negative impacts of erosion becomes more challenging and costly. It is not uncommon for heavy equipment to be required to reshape the land to reduce the likelihood of future erosion issues. In many instances, erosion removes the topsoil and organic matter, reducing the fertility of the impacted area, and making site rehabilitation even more challenging.
The Erosion Control management activity will be included in a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) only under specific and limited situations. Many practices which address erosion are also best management practices within riparian and wetland areas. These practices, including stabilizing roads and trails within a stream and riparian zone, excluding vehicular travel within wetland buffers, and establishing vegetation for riparian buffer installation or expansion, should be addressed with the Habitat Control management activity. The following items will be considered when developing a WHCA which includes Erosion Control as a qualifying Wildlife Reserve Land (WRL) management activity.
STREAMBANK OR IN-STREAM CHANNEL STABILIZATION directly impacts the structure of the streambank and channel of a flowing body of water. This practice may include grading, placement of rocks, use of biodegradable mats, or strategically placed natural woody debris to reduce erosion within a channel or directly along the banks of a channel. These activities are often associated with stream restoration projects which require input from an engineer and governmental permitting. It is recommended that the landowner know and understand any permitting requirements associated with the installation of practices included in their WHCA. Riprap type rock and monofila-ment type netting are not allowed as part of this activity as they can result in entrapment and mortality of wildlife species. Stabilizing the banks of ponds should be addressed with the Supplemental Water management activity, and measures to repair or stabilize areas within floodplains should be considered riparian buffer management addressed with the Habitat Control activity.
GRADING, SHAPING, AND VEGETATION TO REDUCE EROSION in upland sites can have a benefit to wildlife and habitat quality. Concentrated flow of water originating from disturbed upland areas can travel long distances before reaching waterways. While an adequate riparian buffer will help to catch much of the sediment prior to it impacting aquatic habitats, correcting the erosion issue at the source should be considered paramount in most instances.
Typical areas of erosion concern in upland sites include access roads, fields, and recreational trails. Installing water diversions, grading to adjust slope, graveling, installing culverts, and seeding to stabilize soil are common practices for addressing erosion concerns in these areas. In most instances implementing these practices in the upland will not require permitting, but the landowner is responsible for verifying regulatory requirements. It is recommended that natural resource professionals from the local Soil & Water Conservation District or Natural Resources Conservation Service be consulted prior to implementation.
Controlling erosion can benefit both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Practices that address streambank or in-stream stabilization and upland site erosion may meet the WRL criteria for the Erosion Control activity. Detailed methodology will be included in the WHCA and erosion control treatments must be recorded in the activity log.
North Carolina hosts a wide variety of unique ecosystems, and each of these natural communities serve as habitat for specific species of plants and animals. Habitat Control is the management of vegetation to benefit native wildlife species. The careful management of habitat on private lands not only can meet a landowner’s objectives for their property but will likely benefit migratory species and wildlife living nearby.
To qualify as Wildlife Reserve Land a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) must include Habitat Control. Habitat Control activities must address the management of all acres which are not encompassed within Supplemental Food or Supplemental Water areas.
Management treatments include the mechanical, physical, or chemical manipulation of vegetation to achieve desired conditions. The varied nature of habitats and the practices implemented to improve habitat conditions, requires the WHCA include details on current stand conditions, prescribed treatments, desired conditions, and the species which will benefit from management. The following are a few common practices, that may be incorporated in a WHCA.
PRESCRIBED BURNING mimics historic fire that shaped the natural communities of North Carolina. These fires were ignited by Native Americans or lightning. Today prescribed burns are conducted in forested and open areas to promote diverse plant communities. Contractors can be hired to conduct burns and Prescribed Burn Associations can help landowners gain experience conducting prescribed burns.
FOREST STAND IMPROVEMENT practices are implemented to modify the structure and composition of forests. Specific recommendations will depend on current and desired conditions. Crop tree release is used to remove competition from around desirable trees. With less competition the crop trees will produce more mast (fruits and nuts) for consumption by wildlife. Canopy gaps can be installed to allow more sunlight to reach the forest floor. More sunlight will encourage growth of the understory, increasing browse and improving nesting structure in the stand. Edge feathering and daylighting roads removes trees from along fields and roadways to promote species and structural diversity. These linear strips of brushy vegetation improve nesting structure and serve as travel corridors. Forest thinnings reduce the overall tree density, promoting understory diversity and vigor. Depending on stand conditions a thinning may produce economic revenue. All commercial harvest on WHCA acres require prior approval by North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC).
EARLY SUCCESSION is a priority habitat in North Carolina. This habitat type is dominated by herbaceous plants with limited woody vegetation. Disturbance such as fire, grazing, disking, herbicide application, or mowing is required to maintain this stage of succession. More information on Early Succession management can be found on the NCWRC Early Succession Priority Habitat Management Guidelines sheet at www.ncwildlife.gov/media/1270/download?attachment
HERBICIDE APPLICATION can be a critical tool to manage wildlife habitat. The goal of an herbicide application is to control undesirable plants and promote desirable vegetation. To effectively achieve this goal herbicides should be applied in a selective manner. Targeting specific plants, or groups of plants, with a precise application method, such as spot treatment, offers selectivity. Selectivity can also be realized by utilizing an herbicide formulated to kill the targeted plant, yet spare desirable species. Timing of application can further improve selectivity. Greatest selectivity is achieved when selective herbicide formulations are applied using selective application methods at an appropriate time. All herbicides must be applied according to the product label –THE LABEL IS THE LAW!
INVASIVE PLANTS can spread quickly and cause harm to local ecosystems. These non-native species can outcompete native species, degrading native plant communities and habitat quality. To reduce negative impacts, invasive species should be treated to limit their establishment and spread. Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) is the most effective approach to address invasive species. The NC Invasive Plant Council offers excellent information concerning identification and control of invasive species. For more information visit invasive.org/edrr/. Habitat Control includes a wide variety of management practices. A few options are mentioned above, but others may be prescribed as part of WHCA. Details outlined in the WHCA must be closely adhered to and implementation must be recorded in the Habitat Control activity log. It is suggested that progress be documented with photos as well.
Predators and non-native animals can negatively impact population dynamics of native species and habitat quality. The Predator Control activity is used to monitor populations of predators and invasive species on an enrolled tract of land, and to define measures to moderate the abundance of targeted species on the property. It is critical to understand that randomly killing an individual predator when an opportunity presents itself does not qualify for this management activity. Rather, making concerted efforts to monitor populations of predatory and non-native species, following a plan to euthanize targeted species, and keeping records of the number of individuals removed are all requirements for this management activity.
The following items will be considered when developing a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) which includes Predator Control as a qualifying management activity for the Wildlife Conservation Land Program (WCLP). Due to the transient nature of predators and non-native species of fauna, Predator Control will be included in a WHCA only under special circumstances. Monitoring requirements will be provided by a NC Wildlife Resources Commission biologist and defined in the WHCA. Participating landowners must agree to the requirements and understand the expected results of this management activity.
PREDATOR HUNTING can be used to reduce the number of nest predators and direct predators. Predators are often shot as targets of opportunity by someone hunting other species, but this method does not meet the intent of the Wildlife Reserve Land (WRL) qualification. To have an impact on local populations, predators must be monitored throughout the year and hunting must be conducted in an appropriate manner when the problematic species are most susceptible to hunting. Records must be kept that track monitoring, hunting effort, and the number of predators removed. Follow-up will be required to address new predators that move onto the property. All applicable laws and regulations must be adhered to while implementing this management activity.
PREDATOR TRAPPING is commonly used to capture and euthanize individual mammalian predators. These efforts can be conducted during the open trapping season, which has legal requirements that must be adhered to as a qualification of the WCLP. Typical goals for implementing a trapping program include reduction of nest predators (e.g., raccoons, opossums, and skunks) and reducing populations of direct predators (e.g., coyotes, bobcats, and foxes). Populations of the targeted species must be monitored on the property pre- and post-trapping efforts. The number of trap days and all animals captured must be recorded on the Predator Control activity log. Trapping is often used in coordination with hunting efforts to have the best results.
SWINE TRAPPING/SHOOTING can be used to keep populations of feral swine in check. Feral swine, often referred to as “wild boar” or “feral pigs,” cause significant damage to native plant communities as they “root up” the soil in search of food. They are also hosts for many diseases and compete with native wildlife species. Swine reproduce quickly with some females being reproductively mature at 6 months of age. Groups of swine, known as sounders, are transient and will move to other areas when pressured by human activity. Swine can become wary of control measures such as traps that are designed to only capture a few individuals instead of the entire sounder. These “trap-shy” pigs are challenging to capture.
To meet the criteria for WCLP a feral swine control program must include monitoring, trapping, and euthanizing entire sounders. Shooting will only be incorporated into the program to dispatch already trapped swine and to target remaining trap-shy individuals after trapping efforts are exhausted. This will ensure that the population is indeed being impacted and not just being pushed to other locations. Detailed methodology will be prescribed in the WHCA and all monitoring efforts, trapping days, and animals euthanized must be recorded in the activity log. Note that a free Feral Swine Trapping Permit is required (see ncwildlife.gov/species/feral-swine).
In specific situations predator and feral swine control measures can benefit habitat quality and native wildlife populations. Opportunistic shooting and random trapping efforts have little or no impact on populations of targeted species and will not meet WRL requirements. All laws and regulations must be adhered to as part of this activity.
Establishing plants to increase food available for wildlife and beneficial insects can greatly improve opportunities for viewing native fauna. Planting herbaceous agricultural species, native wildflowers, or mast (fruit or nut) producing trees/shrubs can meet specific goals and objectives a landowner may have for their property. Not only do wildlife feed directly on the foliage and mast produced by the supplemental food plantings, insects attracted to these plantings can serve as a critical source of protein for insectivorous species. The following items will be considered when developing a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) which includes Supplemental Food as a qualifying management activity for the Wildlife Reserve Land (WRL) criterion.
Placing or broadcasting grain, salt, minerals, pelletized feeds, or other food items on the property does not meet the requirements of this management activity.
HERBACEOUS AGRICULTURAL SPECIES, such as legumes, grains, brassicas, and tubers can provide food sources for wildlife during various times of the year. Annual species grow for a single season of the year and typically must be replanted each year. Perennial species have a lifespan more than a single year but require maintenance to ensure they persist. Feeding pressure and soil fertility can impact the growth, vigor, and persistence of herbaceous food plots. Soil sampling and application of soil amendments is necessary to maintain a productive food plot. Information on various food plot establishment and management techniques can be found in Dr. Craig Harper’s publication Land-owners’ Guide to Wildlife Food Plots (PB 1874). Allowing an annual plot to stand fallow during a portion of the year can provide cover for nesting and brooding activities. Grains and legumes, such as corn, wheat, sorghum, and soybeans, grown as part of this WRL activity are not to be harvested or removed from the plot where they were grown.
NATIVE WILDFLOWERS can provide an excellent source of nectar and pollen to feed beneficial insects. In addition, native wildflowers can serve as host plants for larva of various species of insects. Many of these insects require very specific host plants for their larva to feed on and their life cycles cannot be completed without their specific host plants. Some species of native plants take multiple years to become established. During this period, the plants develop an extensive root system, but above ground growth is limited. Due to this growth pattern active site preparation is needed where native wildflowers are to be planted. Site preparation may include both chemical and mechanical means to control the existing vegetation and deplete the weed seeds lying dormant in the soil. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) staff can provide specifications for site preparation, planting, and maintenance needs.
FRUIT PRODUCING TREES AND SHRUBS offer an opportunity to provide food sources for a wide range of wildlife while serving as a source of pollen and nectar for beneficial insects. The fruits produced by these trees and shrubs are referred to as mast. Soft mast includes fleshy fruits and berries while hard mast is commonly referred to as nuts. Domestic or native species may be established to meet the Supplemental Food activity requirements. Existing orchards or planted trees/shrubs can qualify as supplemental food, however managing volunteer plants should be included in the Habitat Control activity. It is recommended that native species be utilized in these plantings whenever possible to provide host plants for native insects. Potted or bareroot plants may be used to establish mast producing species. It may be necessary to install fencing or “tree tubes” on planted trees and shrubs to reduce the impact of herbivory and physical damage. A small portion of the fruit produced from these plantings may be collected for personal use by the landowner, but most fruit should be left for wildlife consumption. No commercial sale of fruit, nuts, or other mast is allowed as part of a qualifying WHCA. NCWRC staff can offer detailed recommendations for establishing mast producing trees and shrubs.
Supplemental food can increase vegetation diversity and food availability to wildlife on a tract of land. To ensure these food sources remain productive during the life of the WHCA appropriate site preparation, establishment, and maintenance techniques are required. The scale and management recommendations outlined in the WHCA must be adhered to and practices implemented must be recorded in the Supplemental Food activity log. Additionally, it is suggested that progress be documented with photos.
Deliberate actions to enhance shelter on privately owned land can provide benefit for a wide variety of wildlife. Nesting structure installation, snag creation, and brush pile construction can all provide opportunities to enhance habitat for birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and insects. Careful planning, installation, and management of these shelters can help to meet a landowner’s wildlife objectives whether that be increasing Wood Duck use of the property, providing cover for rabbits, or improving den availability for woodpeckers. The following items will be considered when developing a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) which includes Supplemental Shelter as a qualifying management activity for the Wildlife Reserve Land criterion.
Supplemental Shelter must be a man-made feature. Existing snags do not meet the qualification for this activity.
NESTING STRUCTURES come in a wide variety of sizes, materials, and designs, and while most species of cavity dwelling wildlife will opportunistically use any available cavity regardless of specification, some designs favor a specific species or suite of species— even a simple “bird house” can be tailored to better fit a chickadee over a barn owl. A good source of basic information for songbird nesting structures can be found at https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/building-songbird-boxes and more information on Wood Duck boxes can be found at ncwildlife.gov/education/wood-duck/open. In most instances nesting structures should be installed on a free-standing pole or post, and a predator guard is required. Surrounding vegetation must be managed to limit accessibility by predators such as raccoon and rat snakes. Annual maintenance of wildlife nesting structures is required to ensure they are in good usable condition. Installation, maintenance, and animal use of the structure must be recorded on the Supplemental Shelter effort log.
SNAGS are standing dead trees which provide important nesting, denning, and feeding sites for a wide variety of species. Lightning strikes, disease, insects, old age, and drought kills trees naturally, yet snags are often still a limiting factor for habitat in our forests. Snags can be artificially created by either girdling trees or through hack and squirt herbicide application techniques. When creating snags in a forested stand, select trees 10 inches or larger in diameter to promote longevity. Avoid killing living trees with hollows or dens present as these already provide excellent cavities. When possible, avoid killing oaks, persimmons, hickories, blackgum, and other important mast producing trees. Use caution if killing pine trees for snags. The injured or dying pine trees may attract pests which could damage nearby production-oriented stands. All snags created as part of the WHCA must be marked with a 4-inch-wide band of paint for future identification.
BRUSH PILES offer dense cover which can play a key role in the surrounding ecosystem. Invertebrates often use the decaying woody material as a food source or a site for egg laying. The invertebrates serve as a food source for lizards, toads, or snakes which then can serve as food for birds of prey or predatory mammals. Initial construction of a brush pile should be well thought out to ensure usefulness and longevity. Larger logs should be used as the base for the pile with smaller logs and branches placed on top. Woody material will need to be added to the piles periodically to account for decay and decomposition. Like brush piles, rock piles can meet the intent of Supplemental Shelter if size, shape and spacing of rocks allows for access by animals. Installation, maintenance, and animal use of brush, or rock, piles must be recorded on the Supplemental Shelter effort log.
Supplemental Shelter can offer a critical habitat component for those species that require cavities or dense cover. Details associated with design and installation can be vital to ensure these shelters are useful during the life of the WHCA. In addition to recording management activities in the effort log, it is suggested that progress be documented with photos.
Man-made water features on private lands can play a critical role in enhancing the ecosystem. Perennial ponds, ephemeral pools, and waterfowl impoundments each offer unique opportunities to improve habitat for terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and aquatic species of animals. Careful management of these waterbodies can help to meet a landowner’s objectives for their property, whether that be increasing breeding habitat for salamanders or improving opportunities for recreational fishing. The following items will be considered when developing a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) which includes Supplemental Water as a qualifying management activity for the Wildlife Reserve Land (WRL) criterion.
Supplemental Water features must be man-made. Naturally occurring creeks, streams, rivers, and impounded wetland features such as beaver ponds do not meet the definition of Supplemental Water under WRL; however, these features may fit into the Habitat Control activity or qualify under the Priority Habitat criterion of the Wildlife Conservation Land Program.
PERENNIAL PONDS are commonly utilized for fishing and other aquatic recreation, and the ecosystems contained within a pond include complex relationships, such as predator and prey as well as biotic and non-biotic features. The ecological benefits of these ponds do not stop at the water’s edge as many species of terrestrial and avian wildlife frequent these aquatic features. To enhance the wildlife benefit of ponds, native herbaceous and shrubby vegetation should be retained or established around the banks when possible. This vegetation provides cover for insects and other wildlife. Additionally, retaining submerged natural woody debris and/or adding artificial “fish structures” to a pond provides additional cover and increases structural diversity. At a minimum, management of a pond requires annual inspections and control of woody vegetation on the dam for structural integrity, documenting recreational use, and identification of non-native invasive aquatic plants.
EPHEMERAL POOLS are typically small pools or ponds which are dry during a portion of the year. These seasonal waterbodies are critical breeding sites for amphibians such as salamanders, toads, and frogs. Since these pools go dry, or nearly dry on a regular basis, fish cannot survive here. With no fish in the pool there is substantially less predation on amphibian eggs and larva. Ephemeral pools can be excavated by hand or with mechanized equipment. Depending on soil types, lining the pool with clay or a plastic liner may be required for them to hold water during the winter and early spring. The timing and length of inundation by water will impact which species of amphibians utilize the pool. Water levels and period of inundation should be reported on the Supplemental Water effort log. Animal use of the pools and observation of invasive species should also be noted in the log.
WATERFOWL IMPOUNDMENTS are often thought of as a food source to improve waterfowl hunting opportunities. While this is the case with proper management of vegetation and water level an impoundment may meet the definition of either Supplemental Water or Supplemental Food under WRL. If building a new impoundment, deeper pools should be incorporated that will hold water throughout the spring but dry up later in the summer. When managing an existing impoundment manipulate the water level to begin drawdown in late February and ensure a portion of the area remains inundated with water until early June. This will allow locations for amphibian egg masses to be laid and time for larval development to occur. Fallow or volunteer herbaceous vegetation should be allowed to persist in these pools, with woody vegetation controlled using mechanical methods or by targeted application of herbicides which are labeled for aquatic use. Herbicide applications should only occur late in the drawdown period to limit possible impacts on amphibians. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission staff can offer detailed recommendations for vegetation management and drawdown schedule of a waterfowl impoundment.
Installation of ponds, ephemeral pools, and waterfowl impoundments may require permits from federal or state agencies. It is recommended that waterbodies yet to be installed are not included in a WHCA unless permits have already been obtained. Professional guidance should be sought prior to excavation.
C. Ownership
All acreage included in a WHCA, and used to meet minimum acreage requirements, must be deeded to the same grantee(s). Qualifying land ownership include individuals, family business entities (publicly traded corporations are not eligible), family trusts, or a combination of one or more of these three entities as tenants in common. The land must have been deeded to the same owner for the previous four years, unless one of the following conditions exists.
If the land is the owner's place of residence, then it meets the ownership tenure requirement.
If an owner of land enrolled as wildlife conservation land acquires additional parcels which share a common boundary with the enrolled land, then the newly acquired tract meets the ownership tenure requirement.
If the land is owned by a family business, and at least one of the business members have owned the land for the past four years then the ownership tenure is met.
If the land is owned by a family trust, and at least one of the current trustees have owned the land for the past four years, then the ownership tenure is met.
If land classified as wildlife conservation land changes ownership and the new owner signs the WHCA in effect for the property, continues to use the land as wildlife conservation land, files a WCLP application with the county assessor within 60 days of acquiring the property, and meets all other ownership requirements then classification as wildlife conservation land may be retained by the new owner.
If the land is owned by tenants in common, the land meets all other ownership requirements, and the land was owned by one or more of the tenants for the past four years, then the ownership tenure is met.
If the land is acquired through transfer or inheritance from a relative, the new owner meets all other ownership requirement, and the land was owned by the relative for the past four years, then the ownership tenure is met.
D. Penalty for Not Fulfilling Landowner Obligations
If the land loses its eligibility for the deferment, is found to be in violation with the WHCA or is voluntarily removed from the program a financial penalty will be levied by the county tax collector. This payment is calculated based on the value of the deferment for the previous three years and an applicable interest penalty. Deferred taxes are not due in special circumstances as provided in G.S. 105-277.15(g)(1) and 105-277.15(g)(2).
E. Application
The landowner must submit a NC Department of Revenue Application Form AV-56 and a copy of the approved WHCA to the county tax assessor’s office during the regular listing period, or within 60 days of purchasing a property currently enrolled in the WCLP. The typical listing period is the month of January for the year in which the landowner desires the assessment.
F. Inspection
Land enrolled in the WCLP under criterion 3 must be inspected by a certified wildlife biologist, or qualified NCWRC staff person, at least once every five years to ensure the WHCA is being followed, at least three of the seven qualifying management activities are maintained, and the WHCA is updated as needed. The landowner must keep a log of actions conducted to install and/or maintain management activities as well as other supporting documents as evidence that selected practices were maintained over the five-year period. A county tax office may request a NCWRC biologist visit any property enrolled in the WCLP to confirm the WHCA is being followed and management is appropriately documented.
Steps to Enroll
The Wildlife Conservation Land Program (WCLP) offers a property tax deferment for qualifying landowners who implement prescribed management practices on their property. The required management actions are specified in a Wildlife Habitat Conservation Agreement (WHCA) that can be developed by a NC Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) biologist. All WHCAs must be approved by the NCWRC. The following list defines the steps necessary to request NCWRC assistance to develop a WHCA and to enroll in WCLP.
Review information on this webpage to determine if your property is eligible for the WCLP.
Discuss the WCLP with co-owners or others who influence decisions for the property. Consider which WCLP criteria may fit the property and the level of management you are willing to implement.
Complete the Application for Wildlife Resources Commission Assistance (Fillable PDF or Print) and submit it via e-mail to privatelands@ncwildlife.gov or by mail: N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, Wildlife Management Division, c/o Wildlife Habitat Coordinator, 1722 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, N.C. 27699-1700.
A NCWRC biologist will contact you to discuss program details and determine the next steps in developing the required WHCA.
Schedule a site visit with the NCWRC biologist. During this visit you will inspect the property together and identify management practices that qualify for the WCLP and meet your specified wildlife objectives for the property.
The biologist will draft a WHCA for the property based on your input. You should review the WHCA with others that have a vested interest in the property before final signatures are obtained. Keep in mind failure to follow the WHCA can result in a financial penalty.
Prior to applying for the WCLP with the county tax office, you must sign the WHCA and provide a signed copy to the NCWRC biologist.
To apply for the WCLP you must submit a fully signed copy of the WHCA and a completed NC Department of Revenue AV-56 form to the county tax office during their open enrollment period. Open enrollment is usually during January each year but should be confirmed with your county tax office. If you have purchased or inherited a tract of land previously enrolled in the WCLP, you must submit an updated WHCA and AV-56 to the local tax office within 60 days following deed transfer.
The county tax office will make the final determination concerning enrollment in the WCLP and adjust property tax valuation based on the qualifying WCLP criteria.
You must adhere to and document the management activities as specified in the WHCA. Failure to do so may result in a determination that you are out of compliance with WCLP regulations, which could result in a financial penalty levied by the county tax office. If you are unable to meet the obligations of the WHCA, contact your primary NCWRC representative as soon as possible.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the WCLP the same thing as the Present Use Value Program (PUV)? The WCLP and PUV both offer property tax deferments but are separate programs with different goals. Any given acre can only be enrolled in one of these programs.
What if I have Threatened and Endangered (T & E) plants on my property? T&E plant species do not qualify under Criterion 1, but the land may qualify under another WCLP criterion.
Do I meet WCLP acreage requirements? A landowner must have at least 20 contiguous acres that meet the qualifying criteria, not just 20 acres of land. Homesites, developed areas, lawns, and acreage managed for agriculture or forestry production are not considered eligible for the WCLP. Once the initial 20-acre minimum is met, smaller, disjunct areas can be considered for “satellite enrollment.”
When should a landowner start the application process? Reach out to your local NCWRC biologist and submit an application for assistance as early in the calendar year as possible. New habitat agreements must be approved and signed before Dec. 31st to be considered for the following tax year. Applications for NCWRC assistance are addressed in the order received. While NCWRC does prioritize applications received prior to October 1st, completion of an agreement within the current calendar year is dependent on the order the application is received and the number of pending requests in the associated NCWRC district. Habitat agreements transferred to a new owner must be approved, signed, and submitted to the local tax assessor’s office within 60 days of deed transfer.
Who do I contact to determine if my property will qualify for this program? For additional information on the WCLP or to schedule a site visit, contact the Wildlife Conservation Biologist who serves your area.
How much will my property tax bill be reduced by enrolling in the WCLP? The method of calculating tax deferment valuations may vary from county to county. In general, deferred values are based on soil productivity related to agriculture or forestry commodities. Contact your local tax assessor’s office for specific details on WCLP deferment valuations.